Ikintu cy’ingenzi gikwiye kwitabwaho iyo umuntu atangije ikigo cy’ubucuruzi ni imiterere y’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi yemewe n’amategeko aba  agenga ubwo bucuruzi. Mu Rwanda, ikigo cy’ubucuruzi gishobora kuba ari umutungo bwite w’umuntu ku giti cye, cyangwa kiba ari sosiyete. Imiterere y’ikigo yemewe n’amategeko  umuntu ahitamo igira ingaruka ku byerekeranye n’ubwoko n’umubare w’abanyamigabane ( ba nyirisosiyete) icyo kigo kiba gishobora kugira, uburyozwe bw’umuntu ku giti cye ku byerekeranye n’imyenda y’ikigo, no ku kiguzi cyo gutangiza no gufata neza ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cye.

Dore imwe muri iyo miterere n’ibyiza n’ibibi byayo.

1. Umutungo w’umuntu ku giti cye:

Iyi miterere kenshi na kenshi iba myiza kurusha iyindi iyo rwiyemezamirimo umwe atangije ikigo cy’ubucuruzi. Ku byerekeranye n’ibyiza, biroroha gutangiza no kwandikisha ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cy’umuntu ku giti cye. Kandi, nk’umutungo w’umuntu ku giti cye, umuntu akomeza kugira ububasha busesuye bwo kugenzura ibikorwa by’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi. Ikindi kintu cyiza kiba gihari ni uko inshingano zihoraho zo kubahiriza ibisabwa ziba  nkeya kuberako umuntu aba adasabwa gukoresha inama rusange, gukora amaraporo, gukora raporo z’umwaka, cyangwa kugaragaza inyungu za buri mwaka. Ikintu kibi cy’ingenzi cyo kuba ikigo cy’ubucuruzi runaka ari umutungo w’umuntu ku giti cye ni uko nyiracyo aryozwa we wenyine ibyo ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cye kiba kigomba  abandi, harimo n’imyenda ishobora gushyira umutungo w’umuntu ku giti cye mu ngorane iyo icyo kigo cy’ubucuruzi gihuye n’ingorane zo mu rwego rw’imari.

2. Ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cy’ubufatanye:

Ubu bwoko bw’imiterere y’ubucuruzi bwemewe mu rwego rw’amategeko mu Rwanda kuva muri 2021. Ni ubufatanye buba hagati y’abantu babiri cyangwa barenga bemera gukorera ubucuruzi bwabo hamwe. Buri wese ku giti cye ashora amafaranga, umutungo, imbaraga, n’ubuhanga bwe mu kigo cy’ubucuruzi noneho agateganya uruhare azagira ku nyungu no ku bihombo. Ibigo by’ubucuruzi by’ubufatanye bitangiza amafaranga macye, biroroha kubishinga, kandi ababigize bakagabana inyungu. Ba nyirabyo batanga imisoro ku nyungu bwite gusa. Iyo umwe mu banyamuryango ashatse kuva mu kigo cy’ubucuruzi cy’ubufatanye, ashobora kukivanamo inyungu ze.

Ku ruhande rw’ibibi, uburyozwe bw’umuntu ku giti cye bukomeza kuba ikibazo. Biragora kandi kwegeranya amafaranga kandi kubona abafatanyabikorwa bakwiye rimwe na rimwe biba ari ingorabahizi.

3. Sosiyete

Sosiyete ni ikigo cyemewe n’amategeko gifasha rwiyemezamirimo gutandukanya umutungo we bwite n’uw’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi. Ibi bishaka kuvuga ko abantu bashobora imari muri sosiyete ( abanyamigabane baryozwa gusa imyenda y’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi kugeza ku gaciro k’amafaranga baba barayishoyemo. Kubera iyo mpamvu rero, ni uburyo bwiza cyane bwo kureshya ishoramari budashyira umutungo w’umuntu ku giti cye mu ngorane. Ariko, ni bwo bwoko bw’imyubakire y’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi bwemewe n’amategeko butwara amafaranga menshi mu kugihanga, buragenzurwa cyane, kandi bukenera kubika inyandiko cyane. Bwanyuma, isoreshwa rikorwa inshuro ebyiri. Habaho umusoro ku nyungu za sosiyete n’umusoro ku nyungu bwite.

Iyi nyandiko igaragaza mu magambo macye imiterere y’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi yemewe n’amategeko iba iri imbere yawe iyo ugiye gutangira ikigo cy’ubucuruzi. Ukeneye andi makuru, washaka umunyamategeko cyangwa inzobere mu bijyanye n’imisoro mu gihe waba ufite ibibazo runaka.

Sura urubuga rwa Rwanda Development Board kugirango umenye ibijyanye no kwiyandikisha mubucuruzi

Ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore bagize igice kinini cya ba rwiyemezamirimo kizamuka vuba ku isi hose, kandi no mu Rwanda ni ko bimeze. Nk’uko bikubiye muri Raporo ya  FinScope Gender  2020, abagore bayobora 52%  by’ibigo by’ubucuruzi bito cyane, ibito n’ibiciriritse (MSME) mu Rwanda (cyangwa ibigo by’ubucuruzi byenda kugera kuri 420.0000). Binyuze muri ibi bikorwa by’ubucuruzi, ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore bagira uruhare runini mu izamuka ry’umusaruro mbumbe w’igihugu bagahanga n’imirimo ifite akamaro gakomeye mu mibereho y’abaturanyi babo no mu gihugu muri rusange.

Muri SME Response Clinic, duha agaciro gakomeye uruhare ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore bagira mu iterambere ry’ubukungu n’iry’imibereho myiza mu Rwanda. Kuva twatangira muri Gicurasi 2020, twagiye dutegura ubutumwa, twakira ibiganiro twifashishije ikoranabuhanga, kandi dukora ibikorwa by’iyamamaza bigambiriwe bigamije kugera neza kuri ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore no kubafasha guteza imbere ubucuruzi bwabo n’ubwo byari mu bihe bikomeye.

Muri uku kwezi, tuzibanda ku bikorwa byo kwishimira uruhare ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore bagira mu guteza imbere urwego rwa ba rwiyemezamirimo mu Rwanda. Tuzibanda cyane kuri bamwe muri ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore badasanzwe twahuye nabo ku buryo mwabigiraho cyangwa mukaba mwabona ubundi bwoko bw’ubucuruzi mwagerageza!

Ngwino hamwe natwe muri uku kwezi ubwo tuzaba turi mu byishimo – Dusange kuri aderesi musa.kacheche@consumercentrix.ch maze utubwire ikigo cy’ubucuruzi kiyobowe n’umugore uzi kandi ukunda!

Kuwa 8 Ukuboza 2021,   SME Response Clinic yakoresheje ikiganiro hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ku nsanganyamatsiko yerekeranye n’ibisubizo bishoboka byo kunoza imibereho myiza ya ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore mu Isomero Rusange rya Kigali.

Icyo kiganiro gitambuka hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ni igice cy’uruhererekane rw’ibiganiro bya Ubaka ufite ubuzima bwiza kurushaho byatangijwe n’ikiganiro cyanyuze kuri KT Radio kuwa 18 Ukwakira 2021 kikaza gukurikirwa n’ikindi kiganiro ku nsanganyamatsiko yerekeranye n’ingamba zishoboka zo kurwanya umunaniro  cyabaye mu Ugushyingo. Urwo ruhererekane rutegurwa ku bufatanye na n’Ikigo cya  Geruka Healing Centre.

Icyo kiganiro cyakozwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga cyari kigamije kumenyesha, kungura ibitekerezo, no gusangira ubumenyi n’ubushobozi na ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore; ibyo bikaba byabafasha kunoza imibereho myiza yabo igihe baba bahanganye n’umunaniro wa buri munsi ukomoka ku kazi kajyanye no gucunga ubucuruzi bwabo ari nako banakurikirana izindi nshingano baba bafite. Byongeye kandi,  icyo kiganiro cyakozwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga kibanze ku buryo bushoboka bwo kubungabunga umutekano mu rwego rw’imitekerereze no kongera umusaruro no ku buryo bwo gutunganya neza aho akazi gakorerwa cyane cyane kuri ba rwiyemezamirimbo b’abagore.

Icyo kiganiro gikorwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga cyitabiriwe n’impuguke mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bwo mutwe, Adelite Mukamana, M.Sc.,  hamwe n’abacuruzi bakomeye b’abagore ari bo Scovia Umutoni na Amina Umuhoza. Madame Mukamana yatangije ikiganiro atanga urugero rutangaje rufasha abari bitabiriye ikiganiro kugira imyumvire yimbitse ku byerekeranye n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe n’imibereho myiza:

Mu mutwe hacu hameze nka moteri y’imodoka iyo ari yo yose. Uko imodoka yaba igaragara neza hanze kose, idafite moteri, ntabwo yashobora kugenda. Imodoka ishobora kugenda gusa iyo moteri ikorana ingufu zayo zose. Mufate ubuzima bwo mu mutwe n’imibereho yanyu muri ubwo buryo.Iyo hari ikintu kitameze neza muri moteri y’imodoka, ushaka umukanishi. Mu gihe wumvise ubuzima bwo mu mutwe cyangwa imibereho yawe itameze neza,  saba ubufasha bwo mu rwego rw’umwuga.  

Scovia na Amina buri wese yatumenyesheje ibyamubayeho. Mureke tubyinjiremo maze turusheho kumenya byinshi:

Ibyabaye kuri Scovia:

Scovia Umutoni ni we washinze  KGL Flour Limited, uruganda rutunganya ibihingwa mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi, urwo ruganda rukaba rukora ifu y’ibigori- izwi ku izina rya kawunga- n’ibiryo by’amatungo. Mbere ya COVID-19, yakoraga ahandi hantu, ariko yaje gutakaza akazi ke kimwe n’abandi bantu benshi ubwo icyorezo cyadukaga. Aho kwiheba, yafashe icyemezo cyo gushora amafaranga yari yarizigamiye maze atangiza ubucuruzi bwe bwite. Nubwo byari igitekerezo cyiza, byabaye ibihe bikomeye kubera ko ubwo yatangiraga ubucuruzi bwe, u Rwanda rwagiye muri Guma mu Rugo, ibintu byose bihita bihagarara.

Guma mu rugo irangiye, ubwo ubundi bucuruzi bwongeraga gutangira gukora, isoko rya Scovia  ryari rigizwe n’ibigo by’amashuri n’amahoteli ryari ritaratangira gukora. Yatangiye kumva bimubabaje atanabona neza uko ejo hazaza he hazaba hameze. Scovia yahise atekereza vuba noneho afata icyemezo cyo guhindura uburyo bw’imikorere, agamije isoko ryo muri Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (DRC). Ubwo yatangiye kujya aha ibicuruzwa bye abaguzi bo muri DRC guhera ubwo ngubwo. Noneho u Rwanda rutangiye kuzahuka buva mu ngaruka z’icyorezo yongera gutangira kugurisha  ibicuruzwa bye mu Rwanda.

Scovia akeka ko ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore kenshi na kenshi bagira ingorane mu kazi kabo baterwa n’uko ari abagore. Urugero, yagombye gutumiza imashini isya ifu y’ibigori ku mucuruzi w’umugabo, ubwo yatangiriraga ku busa. Uwo mucuruzi yari yaramurangiwe na Rwanda Standard Board. Uwo mucuruzi yabwiye Scovia ko azamuha imashini mu byumweru bibiri. Ariko, ntabwo yabashije kuzuza amasezerano bari bagiranye, ahubwo byarengeje ukwezi kugirango amuhe izo mashini. Byabaye ngombwa ko ajyana yo n’inshuti ze magara z’abagabo kugirango zimurebere kugira ngo zimufashe guhabwa izo mashini. Ibi byaramubabaje cyane kandi ni kimwe mu bintu bibi cyane yahuye na byo mu kazi ke nka rwiyemezamirimo.

Muri COVID-19, Scovia yasubiye inyuma atekereza ku byari biri kuba noneho atangira gutekereza ku ngamba nshya zigamije kunoza ubucuruzi bwe. Yakoze ibikorwa byinshi byamushimishije kandi byamunogeye mu buzima bwe. Urugero, kumva indirimbo z’Imana nka kimwe mu bintu bigamije gushyigikira ubuzima bwo mu mutwe bwe. Ubuzima bwe nk’umucuruzi ntibubuzemo ingorane- aracyahura n’ingorane nk’umugore ukora mu rwego rwiganjemo abagabo kimwe n’inzitizi zishingiye ku ihagarikwa ry’ingendo bitewe n’icyorezo kigikomeza. Ariko, ntabwo ateganya guhagarika imirimo ye. Scovia yaje kumva ko ingorane zizahoraho igihe cyose kandi ko icy’ingenzi ari ugushaka ibisubizo bigamije guhangana n’izo ngorane.

Ibyabaye kuri Amina :

Amina Umuhoza ni we washinze SAYE – DUKATAZE LTD akaba n’Umuyobozi Mukuru wayo. SAYE ni sosiyete igamije kurwanya inda zitateganyijwe ziterwa abakobwa b’abangavu bitewe n’akato bakorerwa iyo bari mu mihango y’ukwezi. Sosiyete ye iha abagore bato amakuru yerekeranye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, imicungire y’isuku igihe bari mu mihango y’ukwezi, ikanabongerera ubushobozi bwo mu rwego rw’ubukungu igurisha ibicuruzwa bakora hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga n’ubwitange bw’abaturanyi.

Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyagabanyije cyane ibikorwa bya SAYE . Ntabwo ari ibintu byoroheye sosiyete mu bihe bya Guma mu rugo. Byabaye ngombwa ko sosiyete ikora ibikorwa byayo byose ikoresheje ikoranabuhanga; ibyo bikaba byaratumye Amina na bagenzi be batangira kwibaza niba bazashobora kugera ku ntego bihaye. Amina yagombye guhitamo ibikorwa byihutirwaga kurusha ibindi. Urugero, sosiyete yagombaga gukoresha inyungu yabonaga mu guhemba abakozi imishahara yabo ku buryo babasha gukomeza akazi kandi bakabaho bishimye. Birumvikana, ibi byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere ya sosiyete no ku mibereho myiza y’abakozi. Bakomeza gukora neza mu gihe cy’icyorezo kuberako bize kubaho nk’aho ari ibintu bishya ariko bisanzwe.

Nka rwiyemezamirimo w’umugore, imwe mu ngorane ahura nazo ni amagambo atari meza abantu bagenda bavuga, harimo no gukorerwa iterabwoba ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Urugero, akunda kumva cyangwa agasoma ( ku mbuga nkoranyambaga) iyo sosiyete ye yungutse umufatanyabikorwa mushya cyangwa yafunguye ishami rishya igurishirizamo ibicuruzwa byayo amagambo agira ati:  “uzashyingirwa ryari ?” cyangwa “utegereje kubanza gukira kugirango ubone gushaka?” Atekereza ko aya magambo yose akomoka mu muco wacu wakomeje kujya ugenda inyuma y’abagore mu bice byose by’ubuzima. Ariko, ibintu byatangiye guhinduka kubera ko Leta yacu yagiye yigisha abanyarwanda akamaro k’umugore mu iterambere ry’igihugu, iry’umuryango n’iry’umuntu ku giti cye.

Ibyo bihe ntabwo byoroheye Amina. Ikintu cyamukomereye mu rwego rwo guhangana n’ingorane zifitanye isano n’Icyorezo cya COVID-19 ni ukugira imbaraga zihagije no gukomeza gukora we n’abo bakorana. Kugirango babashe kubigeraho, yakoresheje ibihe bya guma mu rugo abibyaza umusaruro uko bishoboka kose, yitekerezaho akanakora imirimo yo mu mpapuro. Ibyo byamuteye akanyabugabo, kandi n’ibyo byiyumviro byamufashije kubasha kugera ku bo bakorana binyuze mu mbuga nkoranyambuga. Amina kandi yagerageje kwita ku bikorwa yari yarasubitse mbere y’icyorezo; ibyo bikorwa bikaba byarahaye SAYE amahirwe mashya nyuma ya guma mu rugo.

Kongera kubaka ufite ubuzima bwiza kurushaho :

Scovia n’Amina bifuza gutera imbere nk’abacuruzi b’abagore ariko ntabwo byoroshye. Bose amagambo atari meza abageraho ashingiye ku bintu bisanzwe bivugwa hafi ya buri munsi; urugero, igitekerezo kivuga ko ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore bashobora gutera imbere gusa ari uko bashatse.  Adelite Mukamana ntabwo yemera ibyo bivugwa. Yaravuze ati : “ Kenshi na kenshi twumva bavuga ko iterambere ry’abagore rishingira ku mugabo. Scovia n’Amina ni ingero zifatika zigaragaza ko rwiyemezamirimo w’umugore ashobora gucunga ubucuruzi bwe neza kandi agatera imbere mu bihe ibyo ari byo byose kandi twizeye ko ari ingero nziza abandi bagore bagenzi bacu bashobora kureberaho muri sosiyete nyarwanda ”.

Ba rwiyemezamirimo bombi bemeranyijwe ku kintu kimwe – umuntu ahitamo imyumvire ye bwite, kandi kugira imyumvire myiza ku bijyanye n’imibereho myiza ni ikintu cy’ingenzi gifasha guhangana n’ibintu bibi. Adelite Mukamana yemera ibi bikurikira: “ Dukora dukurikije uburyo dutekereza kandi dufata icyemezo kubyerekeranye n’uburyo dutekereza”.

Ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore by’umwihariko bahura n’ingorane zo guhuza akazi kabo n’ubuzima bwo mu rugo. Amina akeka ko kugira umugabo ugushyigikira kandi wumva icyerekezo cye ari ikintu cy’ingenzi gifasha rwiyemezamirimo w’umugore gutera imbere. Madamu Adelite Mukamana, inzobere mu kazi ke akaba n’umubyeyi, yagiriye inama ba rwiyemezamirimo b’abagore kudatinya kugira imiryango kubera ko umugore ari ikiremwa muntu gishobora gukora imirimo myinshi. Yagiriye inama abagore gukora ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi batitaye ku buzima bwabo bwo mu muryango mu gihe cyose bifitemo icyizere ko bashobora kubikora. Yashimangiye kandi ko abagabo batagomba  guterwa ubwoba n’uko abagore bagira ubushobozi bwo mu rwwego rw’ubukungu cyangwa n’iterambere ry’abo bashakanye ahubwo ko bagomba kwibanda ku iterambere ryabo bombi.

Sura urubuga rwa   SME Response Clinic maze ubone inama zigirwa ba rwiyemezamirimo zibafasha gukomeza ubuzima bwo mu mutwe n’imibereho myiza yabo n’iy’abakozi babo. Tubasabye  kandi kujya mukurikirana ku mbuga nkoranyambaga zacu inkuru za ba rwiyemezamirimo ku byerekeranye n’uburyo ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi byabo bishyira imbere ubuzima bwo mu mutwe n’imibereho myiza nk’imwe mu ngamba zo guhangana n’ingorane zatejwe n’icyorezo cya COVID-19. Ushobora kandi kudusanga kuri  YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, na  LinkedIn.